ANADOLU AHALİSİ*
ŞEMSEDDİN SAMİ**
“Anadolu’nun ahalisi sekiz milyonu geçkin olup yarım milyon kadarı Hıristiyan, pek az bir kısmı Yahudi, bunların geri kalanları tamamen Müslüman’dır. Cinsiyetlerine(1) gelince; adalarda ve İzmir gibi ticaret yeri olan iskelelerde (limanlarda) sakin bulunan Hıristiyanları Rum olup kalanı kadim (eski) mahalli kavimler ile Selçuklu ve Osmanlıların fetihlerinde Asya’nın kuzey tarafından gelmiş olan Türk ve Türkmenlerin karışması ve mezc olmasından meydana gelmiş bir cinstir; ki dil bakımından fatihlere (Osmanlı-Selçuklu), simaca mağlup olmuş kavimlerden olan ecdatlarına benzeyip, Turan dillerinden olan Türkçeyi konuştukları halde beden özelliklerince Kafkas ırklarına mensupturlar. İşte, Türkistan ve Tataristan Türklerinden ayırmak için Batı Türkleri denilen ve Osmanlı namıyla şanlanan soylu kavim bu kavimdir ki asıl vatanları Anadolu olup bu güzel kıta sırf Türklerle meskûndur; zira aslen Rum oldukları yukarıda zikrolunan adalar ve bazı iskelelerin (limanların) Hıristiyanları istisna oldukları halde, Anadolu’da sakin bulunan Hıristiyanların vatandaşları olan Müslümanlardan farkı sadece mezhepçe (dince) olup dil ve cinsce Müslümanlardan hiçbir farkları yoktur. Binaenaleyh bunlara da “Hıristiyan Türk” denilebilir. Teessüf yeridir ki bunların bir kısmı Ermeni bir kısmı Rum kilisesine bağlı olmakla ecdatlarının Rum ve Ermenilerle ve özellikle Rumlarla hiçbir münasebetleri olmadığını unutarak Rumluk ve Ermenilik davasına kalkışmaya kandırılarak, eskiden beri anadilleri olan Türkçeyi bir kısmı Rum ve bir kısmı da Ermeni harfleriyle yazmakta bulunmuş; bu son senelerde bir takım “ilmi cemiyetler”in teşvik ve zorlamalarıyla resmi devlet dili olan anadilleri olan Türkçe’yi terk edip Rumca ve Ermenice öğrenmeye başlamışlardır. Gariptir ki mesela Bursa ve Konya’da tek kelime Rumca bilmez bir pederin tek kelime Türkçe anlamaz oğluna tesadüf olunur!
Herhalde bunların sayısı az olmakla beraber, bizce yine Türk sayılacaklarından, yukarıda istisna ettiğimiz adalar ve bazı liman Rumlarından başka, Türk olmayarak Anadolu’nun kuzey doğusunda yani Trabzon ilinin Lazistan sancağında Kafkas kavimlerinden sayılan az miktarda Laz ahali bulunuyor. Ancak gerek bunlar gerek sonradan göç edip Anadolu’nun içinde dağınık halde bulunan Çerkesler de hepsi günden güne Türkleşmekte olup anadillerini unutmaktadırlar. Pek az sayıda olup bazı büyük kasabalarda yaşayan Yahudilere gelince, bunlar İspanyadan kovulmuş olmakla, hepsi Türkçe bildikleri gibi İspanyolcayı hâlâ unutmamışlardır.
Elhasıl Anadolu sadece Türk memleketi olup ahalisi genellikle Türk’tür. Ve büyük bir kısmı Müslüman olduğu gibi, Hıristiyanlarının büyük bir kısmı Türk cinsine mensupturlar. Ancak Osmanlı Türkleri yalnız Anadolu yarımadasına münhasır olmayıp Fırat ve Dicle vadilerinden İran sınırına kadar olan geniş Osmanlı topraklarına yayılmış bulunmakta ve Anadolu’dan sayılmayan Urfa, Diyarbakır, Bayezid ve hatta Osmanlı Asyasının güney doğusunun sonunda bulunan Bağdat şehrinde bile, mahalli ve umumi dil olarak Türkçe konuşulmaktadır.
Anadolu’nun ahalisi genellikle çalışkan, zeki ve itaatkâr olup çoğunluğu ziraatla, yalnız aşiret halinde yaşayan Türkmen ve Yörükler koyun gütmekle ile iştigal etmektedir. Osmanlı devleti hazine gelirlerinin büyük kısmı Anadolu’dan çıkar. Aydın gibi illerinin bir milyon liradan fazla senelik hazine gelirleri olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devletinin her defada yüzünü ağartmış ve değerini düşmanlarına bile teslim ettirmiş olan Osmanlı askerinin de büyük kısmı bu yerin itaatkâr ve cesur ahalisindendir.”
* Bu yazı, Kaamûs-ul-A’lâm’ın Anadolu maddesinden [Mihran Matbaası, İstanbul 1307 (m.1889), s.396–397] sadeleştirilerek alınmıştır.
Kaamûs-ul-A’lâm, “Tarih ve Coğrafya Lugati ve Ta’bir-i Esahla Esmâ-i Hassayı Camidir (En doğru tabirlerle özel isimleri toplar)” başlığıyla Şemseddin Sami tarafından 1889–1898 yıllarında yayınlanmış 6 ciltlik mühim bir eserdir; tarihteki ilk Türkçe ansiklopedi sayılır. Eser, Bouillet’nin “ Dictionna universel d’historie et de geographie” örnek alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Şemseddin Sami’nin eseri elbette bir nakilden ibaret değildir; bu en azından Bouillet’in eserine göre çok daha büyük hacimli olmasından anlaşılabilir. Şemseddin Sami bu ansiklopediyi hazırlarken bazı maddeleri atmış, bazı maddeleri de genişletmiştir.
** ŞEMSEDDİN SÂMÎ (Fraşeri): Arnavut asıllı olan Şemseddin Sami, ilk Türkçe roman Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat’ın, ilk Türkçe ansiklopedi olan Kamus-ul-A’lâm‘ın ve modern anlamdaki ilk geniş kapsamlı Türkçe sözlük Kaamûs-ı Türkî‘nin yazarıdır. Ayrıca Kamus-ı Fransevî adlı Fransızca ve Kamus-ı Arabî adlı Arapça sözlükleri kaleme almıştır.
1850’de Güney Arnavutluk’ta Berat’a yakın Fraşer kasabasında doğdu. Tımar sahibi Fraşerî ailesinden Halit Bey’in beş oğlundan üçüncüsüdür. Ortaöğrenimini bugünkü Yunanistan sınırları içinde kalan Yanya’da ünlü Zosimea Lisesi’nde tamamladı. Eski ve yeni Yunanca, Fransızca ve İtalyanca’nın yanı sıra Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça öğrendi. Emine Hanım ile evlenen Şemseddin Sami, bir süre Yanya Mektubi Kalemi’nde çalıştı. 1871’da İstanbul’a geldi. Matbuat Kalemi’nde memur olarak göreve başladı. Memurluk yaparken bir yandan da ilk telif eseri olan Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat adlı romanını 1872–1873 yıllarında yayınladı. Ebüzziya Tevfik’in çıkardığı Sirac ve Hadika gazetelerinde çalıştı. Vatan Yahut Silistre krizi esnasında bu gazete Yeni Osmanlılar lehine neşriyatta bulunduğu için kapatıldı. 1874’te Fransızca’dan çevirdiği İhtiyar Onbaşı adlı trajedisinin sahnede kazandığı başarı üzerine, Arnavut sorunlarını ele alan Besa adlı oyunu da Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu’nda sahnelendi.
1874’te vilayet gazetesini yönetmek üzere Trablusgarp’a gitti. Dokuz ay orada kaldı. Bu görevinden önce bir İtalya seyahati yaptı. İstanbul’a döndükten sonra, 1876’da Mihran Efendi Nakkaşyan’la ile birlikte Sabah gazetesini yayımlamaya başladı. Bu gazete kısa zamanda büyük bir popülerlik kazanarak Türk basınında o zamana kadar görülmemiş bir tiraja kavuştu.
1877’de bir süre Rodos Valisi Sava Paşa’nın mühürdarlığı görevinde bulundu. Dönüşünde, daha önce Sabah’ta yazdığı “Şundan Bundan” başlıklı köşesini Tercüman-ı Şark gazetesinde sürdürdü. Bu sırada yoğun olarak Arnavut konularıyla ilgilendi; Arnavutluğun Osmanlı Devleti’nden ayrılmasını savunan görüşlere karşı çıktı.
1880’te Abdülhamit’in isteği üzerine saraya alınarak mabeynde kurulan Teftiş-i Askeri Komisyonu’nun kâtipliğine getirildi. Ölümüne kadar sürdürdüğü bu görev, onun ekonomik rahatlığa kavuşarak kitapları üzerinde çalışmasına imkân sağladı. Bu yıllarda Daniel Defoe’dan Robenson Kruzo ve Victor Hugo’dan Sefiller romanlarını Türkçe’ye çevirdi. 1882–83 yıllarında, büyük eserlerinin ilki olan Fransızca-Türkçe Kamus-ı Fransevi’yi, 1885’te de bu eserin Türkçe-Fransızca kısmını yayınladı. Bu eserden ötürü II. Abdülhamid Han tarafından İftihar Madalyası tevcih olundu. 1889’dan itibaren tek başına yazdığı ve dokuz yılda altı cilt olarak yayımladığı Kaamûs-ul-A’lâm adlı ansiklopediyle, Türkiye’nin en popüler yazarlarından biri haline geldi.
Kaamûs-ul-A’lâm yayını daha tamamlanmadan, 1896–1897 arasında bir yıllık bir çalışmayla, bugüne dek hazırlanmış en kapsamlı Arapça-Türkçe lügat olan Kaamûs-ı Arabi adlı büyük sözlüğü fasıl fasıl çıkarmaya başladı. Ancak Firuzabadi Kaamûs’unun bir buçuk katı olacağı haber verilen bu eserin, ancak cim harfinin sonuna kadar olan kısmı yayımlandı.
1898’de gazetelerde Şemseddin Sami’nin Türkçe’nin ıslahı üzerine bir dizi makalesi çıktı. 1899’da modern ilkelere göre hazırlanmış ilk Türkçe-Türkçe sözlük olan Kaamûs-ı Türki’yi yazmaya başladı. 1901’de bu büyük eseri yayımladıktan sonra kendini tamamen Türk dili araştırmalarına verdi. 1902’de Kutadgu Bilik ve 1903’te Orhun Abideleri’nin izahlı çevirilerini hazırladı. Ortaçağ Kıpçakçası hakkındaki eserini bitiremeden 18 Haziran 1904’te Erenköy’deki evinde vefat etti.
Şemseddin Sami, Osmanlıcılığın en önemli temsilcilerinden biridir. Aslen Arnavut olduğu ve Arnavut sorunlarıyla da yakından ilgilendiği halde, Osmanlı devletinin modernleşerek güçlenmesini savunmuş, bunun için imparatorluğun ortak dili olan Türkçe’nin önemini vurgulamıştır. Türkçe’yi incelemek, geliştirmek ve öğretmek, lügat ve ansiklopedilerini hazırlamak alanlarında, çok büyük ve önemli çalışmalar yapmıştır.
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(1) cins, cinsiyet: aslında “aralarında ortak özellikler bulunan varlık ya da nesneler topluluğu” manasına gelen bu kavramlar, eskiden ırk/kavim mefhumundan bir üst derecedeki topluluğu ifade etmek için kullanılırdı; maalesef kullanımdan kalkmış ve böylece çok önemli bazı hususların anlaşılması zorlaşmıştır. Örnek vermek gerekirse Germenler cins/cinsiyeti, Germenlerin içinden mesela Almanlar ise ırkı ifade eder. Aynı şekilde Türk kelimesi cinsiyeti karşılar, Türkmen, Özbek, Azeri, Kırgız vb. ise ırk kavramını karşılar. Günlük dilde Türk kelimesi hem cins hem de ırk kavramlarını karşılamakta bu da birçok yanlışlığı beraberinde getirmektedir. Halkı mazur görebiliriz, lakin aydınlarımızın gafletine ne demeli. Bugünkü büyük sorunlarımızın hepsi tarihimizi doğru bilmemekten kaynaklanıyor; tarihi doğru değerlendirmenin yolu da dilimiz tam olarak bilmekten geçiyor, yani sağlam kaynaklarımıza yani lügatlerimize bakarak, her kelimeyi etimolojisiyle beraber öğrenerek… Yani her işimizi sağlam kazıklara bağlayarak…
/// Köksal YILMAZ tarafından hazırlanan bu yazı, YÜCE DEVLET DERGİSİ’nin 15 Temmmuz 2011 tarihli 9. sayısında yayınlanmıştır.
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YÜCE DEVLET’İN NOTLARI:
Bu mühim yazıyla ilgili olarak dikkat çekmek istediğimiz hususlar şunlardır:
1. a) Şemseddin Sami’nin “aslen Rum oldukları yukarıda zikrolunan adalar ve bazı iskelelerin (limanların) Hıristiyanları istisna oldukları halde, Anadolu’da sakin bulunan Hıristiyanların vatandaşları olan Müslümanlardan farkı sadece mezhepçe (dince) olup dil ve cinsce Müslümanlardan hiçbir farkları yoktur. Binaenaleyh bunlara da “Hıristiyan Türk” denilebilir” tespiti önemlidir ve şimdiye kadar doğru dürüst araştırılmamıştır.
b) Aynı şekilde “bu son senelerde (1880-90’lı yıllarda) bir takım “ilmi cemiyetler”in teşvik ve zorlamalarıyla resmi devlet dili olan anadilleri olan Türkçe’yi terk edip Rumca ve Ermenice öğrenmeye başlamışlardır. Gariptir ki mesela Bursa ve Konya’da tek kelime Rumca bilmez bir pederin tek kelime Türkçe anlamaz oğluna tesadüf olunur!” tespiti de çok önemlidir, çok aydınlatıcıdır ama maalesef kendisinden sonra yeterince vurgulanmamış aksine unutturulmuştur.
2. Kaamûs-ul-A’lâm, günümüz Türkçesine mutlaka kazandırılmalıdır. “Bu eserdeki bilgiler eskidir” hükmü yanlıştır, bilakis Türkçenin bu ilk ansiklopedisindeki malumat esastır, esaslıdır, temeldir. Osmanlıyı, Osmanlı dönemi ve coğrafyasını anlayabilmek için gereklidir. Mesela bu yazıdan öğreniyoruz ki o dönemdeki “Anadolu” ile bugünkü “Anadolu” arasında büyük fark vardır. Eski “Anadolu”yu bilmeden Osmanlı dönemini de bugünü anlamak mümkün müdür?
3. Gençlerimize (İslam harfli) Osmanlı Türkçesi’ni arşiv belgelerini bile rahatça okuyacak derecede iyi öğrenmelerini kesinlikle tavsiye ediyoruz. Böylece dilimizin en mükemmel halini öğrenmiş olurlar; meselelerimizin aslını tam olarak ve doğru bir şekilde anlamış olurlar. Bizce de aydın sayılmanın ilk şartı, yazımızı ve temel eserlerimizi öğrenmek, bilmek ve iyice anlamaktır. Bu temeli sağlam atmadan sağlıklı tefekkür ve yararlı bilginin oluşması kabil değildir.
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