HAKÎM es-SEMERKANDÎ*
Büyük âlim Hakîm Semerkandî (kaddesallahu sirruhu-l-âlî) hazretlerinin Sevâdü’l-a’zam** kitabının Otuzbeşinci Meselesi’nin bugünkü yazıya aktarılmış hali şu şekildedir:
“Mü’min olan kimesneye vâcib olan, enbiyâ-i i’zâmın ve mü’minînin aklı ile küffârın aklı müsâvî olmadığını hak bilmekdir ve eğer bir kimse mü’minin aklı ile kâfirin aklı müsâvidir derse, mübtedi’dir. Ve dahi akıl beş vecih üzeredir: Akl-ı garîzî ve akl-ı tekellüfî ve akl-ı atâî ve nübüvvet cihetinden olan akıl ve şeref cihetinden olan akıl. Amma akl-ı garîzîde cemî’ halk müsâvidir ve küffârın cemi’îsi rabbi ve hâliki bilirler. Ve amma akl-ı tekellüfî(de) eğer bir kimsenin ekser cehdi ve cülûsu ulemâ ve hukemâ ile olursa tekellüf miktarı akl-ı tekellüfî ile âkil olur. Ve amma akl-ı atâî(de) küffâr için nasîb olmayıp mü’minîn ile enbiyâ-yı izâm ol akl-ı atâîde müsâvîdir. Amma nübüvvet cihetinden olan akılda mü’minîn için nasîb olmayıp fakat enbiyâ-i izâma mahsustur. Amma şeref cihetinden olan akılda sâir halk için nasîb olmayıp fakat Muhammed Rasulullah sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hazretlerine mahsustur. Vâcib teâlâ Muhammed Rasulullah sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem hazretlerine hulk ihsan eylemiştir ki sâir melâikeye ve âdemîne ve gayri mahlûkâta i’tâ olunmamıştır. Zira Vâcib teâlâ buyurdu ki “İnneke le’alâ hulukin azîm.” Vehb bin Münebbih buyurdu ki: Ben doksan bir kitabı okudum ve cemîi’sinde buldum ki cemî’-i mahlûkâtın ukûlü Muhammed sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem hazretlerinin aklına nazaran bir kum misillûdür. Vâcib teâla aklı bin cüz’ kıldı. Dokuz yüz doksan dokuz cüz’ü Muhammed sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem hazretlerine ihsân buyurdu ve bir cüz’ü sâir ibâdına verdi.”
Metnin sadeleştirmesini aşağıdaki şekilde yapmaya çalıştık:
Mümin olan kimseye vacip olan peygamberlerin ve müminlerin aklı ile kâfirlerin aklının eşit olmadığını hak bilmektir; eğer bir kimse müminin aklı ile kâfirin aklı eşittir derse ehl-i bidatten(1) olur.
Akıl beş türlüdür: Tabii akıl (2), özenli akıl (3), bahşedilmiş (4) akıl, nebilik cihetinden olan akıl, şeref cihetinden olan akıl.
Tabii akılda, bütün yaratılmışlar eşittir ve kâfirlerin hepsi rabb ve yaratanın ne demek olduğunu bilirler.
Özenli akılda; eğer bir kimse gayret ederse ve vaktinin çoğunu âlimler ve bilgeler ile geçirirse zahmete katlandığı miktarca bu akıl ile akıllandırılır.
Bahşedilmiş olan akılda kâfirler için nasip yoktur; müminler ile peygamberler bahşedilmiş akılda eşittir.
Peygamberlik cihetinden olan akılda, müminler için nasip yoktur; bu, yalnız peygamberlere mahsustur.
Şeref cihetinden olan akılda diğer yaratılmışlar için nasip olmayıp yalnız Muhammed (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hazretlerine mahsustur. Allah Teâlâ, Muhammed Rasulullah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hazretlerine güzel ahlak ihsan eylemiştir ki bu, meleklere, insanlara ve diğer yaratılmışlara bahşedilmemiştir. Zira Vacib Teâlâ buyurdu ki: “İnneke lea’la hulukin azîm Sen, elbette, pek yüce bir ahlak üzeresin. (Kalem Suresi, 4. ayet)”
Vehb bin Münebbih(5) buyurdu ki: “Ben (bu konuyla ilgili) doksan bir kitabı okudum ve hepsinde buldum ki yaratılmışların hepsinin akılları, Hz. Muhammed (sallalahu aleyhi ve sellem)’in aklına nazaran bir kum zerresi kadardır. Allah Teâlâ, aklı bin parçaya bölmüş doksan dokuz parçasını Peygamber aleyhisselama, bir parçasını da diğer kullarına vermiştir.”
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AÇIKLAMALAR:
Elbette ki müminlerin aklı ile kâfirlerinki eşit olamaz, müminlerin aklı onlardan üstündür, çünkü iman da akıl da Allah’tandır. Rabbimiz kime iman vermişse o, tabii ki bütün kâfirlerden üstündür.
Konunun iyice anlaşılması için akıl ve iman kelimeleri üzerinde durmakta fayda var. En temel anlamıyla akıl, insanları diğer canlılardan ayıran haslettir; insanlar bu haslet ile teorik ve pratik ilimleri öğrenmeye yetenekli kılınmıştır (İşte, bu temel mana, garizî yani tabii aklın tam karşılığıdır.) Akıl, diğer bir tanımla, Allah’ın kalbe akıttığı bir nurdur ki insan onunla eşyayı anlamaya liyakat kazanır.
Akıl, ruhun bir diğer yüzüdür; ruh ise insana Allah’ın kendisinden verdiği (üfürdüğü) (6) bir nurdur ki insanlar bununla imana istidad kazanırlar. “Korkmadan-gönüllü olarak-kesin karar vererek tasdik etmek, doğrulamak, inanmak” manalarına gelen iman da Allah’tan gelen bir nurdur. Kâfirler ise iman nurundan yoksundurlar. Bu sebeple müminlerin aklı ile kâfirlerin aklı eşit olamaz.
İnsanların diğer insanlar, canlılar, doğa ile ilişki kurmasını; hayatını sürdürecek bilgi ve beceriye sahip olmasını; teorik-pratik ilimleri anlamasını; fizik-metafizik ayrımını yapıp bunları idrak etmesini; buluş, üretim ve sanat yapmasını sağlayan akla, doğal yani (günümüzün deyimiyle) fizyolojik-psikolojik akıl diyebiliriz. Tabii akla sahip olan her insan, inanmaya yeteneklidir; bir Yaratıcı’nın, bir Üstün Varlık’ın ne demek olduğunu bilir. İnanmak/inanmamak bu bilgiden sonra gelen bir bilinçtir veya bilinçli bir tercihtir. İnanan insan, inanma eylemini gerçekleştirdiği andan itibaren, kâfirlerden üstün hale gelir.
Batı felsefesi, aklı maddeye hapsetti; sonra daha da ileri gitti, materyalist-pozitivist anlayışla sadece görünür eşyayı algılamadan ibaret saydı; kısacası aklı yalnızca yaşadığımız dünyaya yarayan basit bir alet derecesine indirgedi, öte dünyayı algılama yeteneğini yok saydı. İlmi teknolojiyle, başarıyı sayıyla, sanatı plastik olanla, yaşamayı fiziki ihtiyaçları karşılamayla vb. bir tuttu. Bu anlayışla yetişen ve eğitim gören insanlar, onun için, daha çok kazananı, maddi başarılara sahip olanı, fiziki üstünlüklere erişenleri vb. “akıllı” sayarlar.
Her medeniyetin “akıl” anlayışı bütünüyle farklıdır. İslam medeniyeti ise aklı; yaşamayı sağlayan akıl (akl-ı maaş), ahireti de hesaba alan ve ona göre davranan akıl (akl-ı me’âd), bütüncül ya da olgunlaştıran akıl (akl-ı küll veya kâmil) olmak üzere üçe ayırmıştır. Buna göre birinci türde bütün insanlar eşittir, iki ve üçte ise ancak müminler üstündür. Burada dikkat çekmek ve uyarmak istediğimiz nokta, bugünkü müslümanların büyük bir kısmının Batı felsefesinin akla verdiği manadan etkilenmiş olmasıdır. Yaygın bir örnek olan elektriği ve ampülü vb. bulanların aklını, kardeşlerimizden bazıları, üstün görme hatasına düşebiliyorlar. Bu hata ise küçük bir hata değildir, bilakis imanı olumsuz bir şekilde etkileyebilecek derecede büyüktür.
İkinci maddedeki “özenli” aklın yani zahmetlere katlanıp ilim tahsil eden ve zamanını âlim ile âriflerle geçiren kişinin daha kuvvetli ve bilinçli bir inanca sahip olması; imanın derinliklerine, tatlarına, zevklerine erişmesi tabii bir sonuçtur, çünkü “İnsan için ancak çalıştığının karşılığı vardır. (Necm suresi, 39. ayet)” İnsan bilgiyle, çalışmayla, öğrenmeyle bir yere kadar gelir; bilgin olur, bilge olur ama hiçbir insan bilgiyle imana erişemez. Bir kâfir, mesela Kur’an’ı Arapçasından okuyup anlayabilecek bir hale gelebilir, lakin onun bu bilgisinin (iman olmadan) değeri, bilgisiyle sınırlıdır.
Çünkü iman, Allah’tandır, O’ndan gelen bir hidayettir, hediyedir. İman esaslarına yani aynı şeylere inanma bakımından da peygamberlerin ve müminlerin imanı, eşittir.
Peygamberlerin aklı da elbette ki müminlerden üstündür; çünkü onlar insanlar arasından seçilmişlerdir ve ma’sûmdurlar yani günahlardan korunmuşlardır.
Peygamberlerin efendisi Muhammed (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hazretleri de her bakımdan bütün insanlardan üstündür. Akıl bakımından da üstündür çünkü O, akl-ı küll’dür, ilk yaratılmış olan bütüncül akıldır; Peygamber efendimize verilen bu büyük akıldan, insanlara, nasipleri kadar dağıtılmıştır. Çünkü Peygamber efendimize “büyük, üstün, kerim, azim bir ahlak” ihsan edilmiştir.
Yâ Rabbî! Bize akıl, iman ve ilim ihsan eyle. Dünyayı ve ahireti beraber kabul eden sağlam bir akıl; gerçek ve tam bir iman; hakkı hak, batılı batıl gösteren ilim nasip eyle. Kur’an ile sünnetten, bu iki büyük hidayet rehberinin yolundan giden büyüklerimizden ve onların sahih eserlerinden gereği gibi istifade edenlerden eyle; âmin.
YÜCE DEVLET’İN NOTU:
Büyük âlim Hakîm Semerkandî hazretlerinin Sevâdü’l-a’zam kitabı, Ehl-i Sünnet ve Cemaat’in en mühim eserlerinden birisidir. Hicri 4, miladi 10. asırdan beri temel kabul edilen, istifade edilen, okunan, okutulan bir eserdir. Biz bu kitabı, içindeki bir meseleyi ele alarak yeniden gündeme getirmek ve nasıl açıklanması gerektiğine dair bir örnek vermek istedik.
Bu son derece mühim eser, günümüzde olması gereken yerde değildir maalesef. Önerimiz şudur ki Sevâdü’l-a’zam kitabı; İmam-Hatip Liselerinde (hatta bütün liselerde ve tabii ki Medreselerde) şerhli yani açıklamalı bir şekilde okutulmalıdır. (Hanefiler’in yaygın olduğu bölgelerdeki) camilerde tekrar tekrar açıklanmalıdır. Bunun için imam ve müezzinler hizmetiçi eğitimden geçirilmelidir.
Sağlam ve sahih imana dönmek zorundayız ki kurtulalım; çünkü günümüzde hepimizin imanı büyük tehlike içindedir. Bunun yolu da ilme sarılmaktan, yeniden âlim ve âriflere yönelmekten geçiyor. Sağlam, sahih, temel eserleri yeniden tekrar tekrar okumaktan, ezberlemekten ve tabii ki hayatımıza tatbik etmekten geçiyor.
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* HAKÎM es-SEMERKANDÎ: İlk dönem Hanefî-Mâturîdî âlimlerinden olan Ebü-l-Kaasım İshâk b. Muhammed b. İsmâîl el-Kaadî el-Hakîm es-Semerkandî, doğum yerine nisbetle Semerkandî, hikmetli öğütleri ve uzun müddet yürüttüğü Semerkand kadılığı sırasında verdiği isabetli kararlarından dolayı “Hakîm” olarak anılmıştır. Kaynaklar, Hakîm’in tahsil hayatının genellikle Belh şehrinde geçtiğini ve onun burada Hanefi âlimlerinden Muhammed b. Huzeyme el-Kallâs’tan ders aldığını kaydetmektedir. Tasavvufi kaynaklarda ise en çok istifade ettiği hocasının Ebû Bekir el-Verrâk olduğu zikredilir. Hakîm es-Semerkandî, 10 Muharrem 342 (27 Mayıs 953) tarihinde vefat etmiş ve İmam Mâturîdî’nin kabrinin yakınına defnedilmiştir. En meşhur eseri es-Sevâdu-l-a’zam’dır. (Bkz. DİA, 15. cilt).
** Risalenin aslı “er-Redd ‘alâ ashab el-heva el-müsemmâ Kitâb es-Sevâd el-a’zam alâ mezheb el-İmâm el-A’zam Ebû Hanîfe” adını taşımaktadır.) Altmış iki ana başlıktan oluşan eser yazıldığı dönemde Sâmânîler’in resmî akidesi kabul edilmiş ve bölgedeki medreselerde (hatta daha sonra da Osmanlılardan günümüze kadar bütün medreselerde) ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Hanefi-Matüridi Mezhebindeki temel i’tikadi esasları ihtiva eden, ehl-i sünnet ve cemaat mezhebinin hususiyetlerini izah eden ve onu bid’at ve delalet fırkalarından ayıran altmış iki meseleden oluşan temel bir kitaptır.
Sevâd-ı A’zam, büyük şehir; büyük yerlerdeki insan kitleleri, hassaten İslam toplulukları hakkında kullanılan bir tabirdir. Mekke-i mükerreme için de kullanılır. (bkz. Mehmet Zeki Pakalın, Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü, III. cilt) Bu kitapta ise “Müslümanların çoğunluğu” manasında kullanılmıştır. Şu hadis-i şerifler buna delalet eder: “Ümmetim dalâlet (sapıklık) üzere birleşmez. Bunun için, ayrılık gördüğünüz zaman sevâd-ı a’zama tâbi olunuz. (İbn-i Mâce)”; “Allahü teâlâ, bu ümmeti asla dalâlet üzerine birleştirmez. Allahü teâlânın ihsânı, yardımı cemâatledir. Sevâd-ı a’zama tâbi olunuz. Çünkü topluluktan ayrılan ateşe düşer. (Hâkim)”; “Size Sevâd-ı a’zamı tavsiye ederim. (Aliyyu’l-Muttaki, Kenzu’l-Ummal, 1.1030; Mecmau’z-Zevâid, 5.218)”
Sevad-ı A’zam’ın birçok yazma nüshası yanında çeşitli baskıları da vardır. [Biz, Aynî Efendi Bulgarî tarafından yapılan ve h. 1258 (m. 1842/1843)’de Mısır’da Bulak matbaasında basılan tercümesini (İslam harfli) Osmanlı Türkçesi derslerimizde okuduk; yukarıya aldığımız konunun önemine binaen (tercümenin aslından bereketlenmek için) çeviriyazısını verdik, sadeleştirip açıklayarak okuyucularımızın istifadesine sunduk. Risale, Sıdkı Gülle tarafından Sevâd-ı A’zam Doğru Yol ismiyle çevrilerek Bedir Yayınevi’nden (İstanbul 1993) ve tercüme ve izahı Taha ALP tarafından yapılıp Sevâdü’l- Azam Tercümesi | Kelime Anlamlı Açıklamalı adıyla Yasin Yayınevi’nden (İstanbul 2012) yayınlanmıştır. İlk neşir popüler bir el kitabıdır, tercümede eksikler ve hatalar vardır. Kitabın başında gereksiz ve itici bir önsöz vardır. (Böyle mühim ve muhterem kitaplarının tercüme ve neşrinin son derecede dikkat ve hassasiyetle yapılması gerektiğini; kitabı ve müellifini tanıtıcı giriş yazılarının dışında önsöz yazılmasının doğru olmadığını hatta haddi ve edebi aşıcı bir tutum olduğunu ifade ediyoruz.) İkinci neşir, ilmi ve ciddi bir yayındır, tercüme sahih, açıklamalar doğrudur; buradan herkese tavsiye ettiğimizi söylemek isteriz, hatta metnin kelime mealinin verilmesi Arapçayı öğrenenlere ayrı bir kolaylık sağlıyor (35. Mesele’nin açıklaması da doğru ve güzeldir lakin biz yukarıdaki gibi olması gerektiğini düşünüyoruz.)
(1) bid’at, : Asr-ı saâdet’ten sonra ortaya çıkan, şer’î bîr delile dayanmayan inanç, ibadet, fikir ve davranışlar. Bid’at çıkaran veya işleyen kimseye de mübtedi’ (ehl-i bid’at, bid’atçi) denir. Sünnî âlimler “ehl-i bid’at” tabiriyle, Resûlullah ile ashâbın takip ettiği yolun (sünnet) dışında kalanları kastederler. Büyük âlim Şah Veliyyullah Dehlevî’nin “Dört mezhebden ayrılmak, Sevâd-ı a’zamdan ayrılmaktır” sözü bunu teyid eder.
(2) garîzî kelimesi “içgüdüsel, doğal, tabii; yaradılış olarak kendiliğinden meydana gelen” manalarına gelir; biz “tabii” kelimesini tercih ettik. (Gariziyat da fizyoloji manasına gelir.)
(3) tekellüf kelimesi “kendisine zahmeti olan bir iş yapma; güçlüğe katlanma; özenme, özenli iş yapma; gösteriş” manalarına gelir; biz “özenli” kelimesini tercih ettik.
(4) atâ’î kelimesi “büyüğün küçüğe verdiği hediye; bağış; ihsan; bahşiş” manalarına gelir; biz (bahşiş ile aynı kökten gelmiş olan) “bahşedilmiş” kelimesini tercih ettik.
(5) Vehb b. Münebbih (rahmetullahi aleyh): Tâbiîn devrinde yetişmiş, Yemen’de yaşamış meşhur hadis âlimlerindendir. Emeviler döneminde en çok eser veren tarihçilerden olan, doğum ve ölüm tarihleri kesin olarak bilinmeyen, Vehb hazretleri, genel görüşe göre h. 34 yılında doğdu ve 114 (m. 732) yılında vefat etti. Peygamberler ve cahiliye dönemi Yemen tarihi ile uğraşmıştır. Mes’udî, Taberî ve İbn İshâk gibi birçok müellif, peygamberler tarihinde onun rivayetlerinden faydalanmıştır.
(6) “Ona (insana) ruhumdan üfledim. (Sâd suresi, 72. ayet)” ve “Ruh, Rabbimin emrindendir (İsrâ suresi 85. ayet).
(7) Akl-ı maaş, yeme-içme aklıdır; nefsin hüküm sürdüğü hayvani akıldır. Akl-ı me’ad, dinin emir ve yasaklarına uyan akıldır. Akl-ı küll / kamil ise yaradılış gayesini kavramış ve buna uygun hareket eden, Allah’ın yeryüzündeki halifesi olan olgun insanın aklıdır.
/// Çeviriyazı-sadeleştirmesi Recep HASAR-Abdullah AYHAN, açıklaması H. Hepsev tarafından yapılan bu yazı, Yüce Devlet Dergisi’nde (1 Şubat 2012, 12. sayı) yayınlanmıştır.
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