TARİH BİLGİSİ
Tarih bir zarurettir. En önemli zorunluluklardan biri. İnsanı direkt olarak etkileyen ve çevreleyen başlıca unsurlardandır. Önemi, insan ve toplum varlığının dış şartlarıyla iç kuvvetlerini bağlayan zincirlerin, kaynağı mekân ve zaman olan, alaşımı olmasındadır.
Tarih sorumluluktur. İnsanlığa, içinde büyünen ve yaşanılan topluma; ait olunan şehir, mahalle, aile ve bizzat kişinin kendisine karşı olan sorumluluk bilincinin kutlu uğraşısıdır. Ve sağlıklı bir tarih öğretimi, yetişme çağındakilere (aslında herkese) bu sorumluluğu yerleştiren en lüzumlu bir eğitimi sağlar. Bu da tarihin masala veya salt vakaları, kişileri, rakamları alt alta sıralamaya veyahut sadece hazırlayıcı alet bilimlerine (nümizmatik, vesika okuma, kitabe çözme vs.) dayanan unsurlarından çok; büyük insani tecrübe temelini, toplum ve medeniyetlerin var oluş şemalarını bildirmeye yönelik taraflarını gözler önüne sermekle olacaktır. Ayrıntılarda boğulup öze giden yolları kapamamak gerekir. Asıl odağa götürücü ve tekrar ona dönücü bilgi birikimini sağlamayı hedefleyen bir tutumla yürümek esastır.
Tarihi, sadece kendine özgü bir takım kurallarla meydana gelen bir disiplin saymak ya da yalnız olayların ardı ardına zincirleme bileşimi olarak anlamak doğru değildir. Tarihi bir olayı çözümlerken dış şartları içtekilerden soyutlamak veyahut bir hadiseyi sadece sebep netice, etki-tepki bağlılığına dayanan determinist (gerekirci) görüşle açıklamak yetersizdir. Tabii ki bütün bunların bir payı vardır ama gereğinden fazla büyütülmesi yanlışa götürür. Tarihin kavranış ve bilinişinde hataya düşmenin etkisi ise anlatılmayacak derecede büyük olmaktadır. İnsanlık tarihindeki trajik hadiseler buna en güzel örnekleri teşkil etmektedir.
Tarih, insanın bir tarafından basit ve küçük yanlarına dikkat çekmesi, diğer bir yönden ağır ve trajik unsurlarını açıkça belirtmesi, bir başka açıdan büyük ve ulvi özelliklerini anlatıp bunlara teşvik etmesi bakımlarından önemlidir. İnsanı kuşatan kaderi en iyi hatırlatandır. Aczini hatırlatıp ruhunu onarandır. En küçük hadisede bile ortaya çıkan çeşitli ihtimal ve alakaların ne derecede etki bıraktığını, en büyük olayların nasıl küçük bir tüy dokunuşuyla birdenbire başlayıp başkalaşıverdiğini acı acı göstererek zihnimizi kamçılayandır. Kısa bir zamanda büyük, çok büyük işlerin çabucak nasıl gelişiverdiğinden bahsederken ümitsizliği gideren; uzun bir asır veya asırlarda yavaş yavaş gelişmiş hadiseleri anlatırken sabrımızı arttırandır. Her şeyin nasıldan birbirine sımsıkı kenetlenmiş bulunduğunu söylerken hudutlarımızı bildirendir.
Nedir tarih? Bir takım sığ ve bezdirici tanımların ötesinde bize asıl bilgiye yaklaştırıp götürecek yeni bir tarih anlayışı, insanın tekrar kendisinde toplanıp birikmesi yani kendine dönmesi ile doğacaktır zannediyorum. Biz, burada bazı unsurlara temas edeceğiz. Öncelikle, diğer bütün meselelerde olduğu gibi kendi öz değer ve kaynaklarımızdan yola çıkmanın ilk şart olduğunu söylemek istiyorum. Batı, teknolojiyi aşırı bir biçimde abartarak, bizzat ilmi israf etmiştir. Ayrıca, insanlığa hiçbir fayda getirmeyen bazı bilim dallarının, bütün insanlığı ham hayal peşinde koşturacak şekilde öne sürmüş ve bunun sonucunda da insanı çepeçevre zarar ve ziyanla sarılmış bir halde koymuştur.
Batı, tarih ilmini de israf ve ifsat etmiştir. Onu gereksiz bir bilgi yığını haline koymuş, kafa karıştırmaktan başka hiçbir şeye yaranmayan bir sürü ayrıntılara boğmuş, tabiri yerinde ise çerçöple doldurmuş ve tarihin asıl yüzünü kapkara bir örtüyle örtmüştür. Tabii bunun kendi dünya görüşü çerçevesinde değerlendirmek lazımdır. Batı, Greko-latin temeli üzerine Yahudi-Hıristiyan etkisi ve materyalizmin bir sentezidir. Yani putperest bir temelin üzerine, paganlaştırdıkları ilahi dinlerin bir terkibiyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu yüzden Batının kafası, kalbi ve medeniyeti karışıktır, karmakarışıktır. Bu yüzden kendi tarih anlayışımızı ortaya koymak, bulup çıkarmak, değerlendirip tasnif etmek mecburiyetimiz vardır. Bu önce kendimiz içindir, sonra bütün insanlık için.
Tarihte biz, en başta ve en önce İslam-küfür, iyi ile kötülüğün, doğru ile yalanın, hak ile batılın karşıtlığını müşahede ediyoruz. Tarihin ilk ve esas temeli budur. Hz. Âdem Aleyhisselam ile şeytan arasında başlayan mücadelenin dünyanın sonuna kadar devamını görüyoruz. Buna yine tarihten kitaplar, ciltler dolusu misaller getirileceği gibi, asrımızı belirleyen olaylar zincirinin dikkatli bir gözle incelenişi sayısız örnekler ortaya koyacaktır.
Temel bölümlemede, tarihin ikiye ayrıldığını ifade edebiliriz: Hz. Peygamber (aleyhissalatu vesselam) öncesi ve sonrası (ayrıca, dünyanın en muazzam hadiselerinden biri olan hicret belirleyici bir tarih olarak alınır.) Her peygamber kendi asrını, şartlarını, gerekliliklerini yani tarihini de beraber getirmiştir. 1400 senesinden beri tarih Hz. Peygamberin getirdiği dinin tarihi olarak vardır. Bu sadece Müslümanlar için böyle değildir. Hıristiyan ve Yahudiler (ve paganlar) içinde durum aynıdır. İslam’ın varlığıdır onlar bugünkü durumlarıyla var eden. İslam’ın gelişi, onları tavır almak zorunluluğunda bırakmasıyla arkaik kültürlere dönüşmekten bir nevi kurtarmıştır. Diğer taraftan İslam’dan ve Müslümanlardan öğrendikleriyle kendilerini yeniden geliştirebilmişlerdir.
1400 seneden beri dünyada yeni bir ruh vardır. Bu ruh, getirmiştir dünyayı bugüne kadar ve sonuna değin de götürecektir. Bu yüzden bu bölümleme esastır. Başka misal isteyenlere deriz ki, Roma tarihine bir bakınız. Hz. İsa Aleyhisselamın gelişiyle nasıl da ikiye ayrılmıştır. Bütün insanlığa gönderilen Peygamberde ise tarihin asıl odak noktasını buluyoruz. Allah teala tarafından seçilen ve tamamlanan dinin karşısında, tarih ilmi de eğilecektir.
Bu bölümleme esas olarak alındıktan sonra ondan öncesi için yine Peygamberler, temel sınıflanmayı oluşturacaktır. İnsanlığın asıl tarihinin ortaya konulmasında, geçirilen değişimin ve tekâmülün apaçık gösterilmesinde bunun lüzumu inkâr götürmez bir durumdadır. İnsanlık işte o zaman bugüne kadar gelen varlığını tam olarak anlayabilecektir.
Bu sınıflanmada devlet ve kavimlerin tarihi bir alt bölüm olarak yer alır. Burada da medeniyet esastır. Yani insanlık tarihinde yapılan katkıların değerlendirmeye tabi tutulması esas olarak alınır. Kavmiyet (nation) temeline dayanan modellerin artık çürüdüğü aşikârdır. Bağlı olunan topluluğun önemini inkâr etmeden insanlar için ilk kimliğin din olduğunu belirtmek istiyoruz. Kabile, aşiret, kavim daha sonra gelir. Değişik orijin ve başka başka coğrafyalarda bulunan toplumları birleştiren yegâne unsur dindir. Yoksa menfaatlerin çatışmasının kaçınılmazlığı, kısa sürede beraberliklerin esas olarak alınmasını geçersiz kılmaktadır. Ancak din bağının zayıflaması veya bir araya getirme özelliğinin kaybolması durumunda menfaatlerin birleştiriciliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu da hiçbir zaman uzun süreli olmamaktadır. Burası tarihin psikolojisidir ve sosyolojinin psikolojisi. Onun için tasnifte esas olarak yer almaz. (Amerika’yı oluşturan ve birleştiren temel felsefenin pragmatizm (faydacılık) olduğunun söylenmesi doğruyu ifade etmemektedir. Amerika en dindar devletlerden birisidir. Yapılan araştırmalara göre Amerikalıların % 80’inden fazlası dinlerine sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır. Diğer delilleri geçiyorum. Amerika Hıristiyan bir devlettir ve Hıristiyan devletler tarihinde yer almaktadır.)
İslamiyet sonrasının tarihi ümmet-i icabet ve ümmet-i davet tarihleri olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır yani Müslümanların ve İslam’ı kabul etmeyenlerin tarihi. Dünya bugünkü durumuna son dinin ve saliklerinin kuvvetli etkileriyle gelmiştir. Daha doğru bir tabirle en büyük etki İslam’dan neşet etmektedir. Karşısındakiler ancak karşı durma veya karşı koyma bilinçleriyle varlıklarını sürdürebilmişlerdir. Anti tez olarak vardırlar. Muhalefet rolündedirler. (Şimdiki durumlarına aldanmamak lazımdır. Buraya kadar haksız olarak ve ancak çok büyük zulümlerle gelmişlerdir. Lakin artık dönüş ve düşüş noktasında olduklarını bizzat kendileri itiraf etmekte, bunun tedbirlerini almaya çalışmaktadırlar.)
“Tarih aklı arttırır” demiş, İmam Şafii. Doğru. Sorunun cevabı, İbn Haldun’un çocuklara öğretilmesi gereken ilimlerin başında Tarih ve Matematiği tavsiye etmesinde yatıyor. Aslında ilim bir bütündür, bütün bilimler birbirine sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır. Temelde ayırmak mümkün değildir. Bir nevi uzmanlık sahaları olan ayrı ayrı bilgilerin ortaya çıkışı, insanoğlunun önce yetersizliğinden, sonra merak ve alakaların sevk-i tabisinden, daha sonra da zorunlu öz bilgiye başka başka kapılardan girme gerekliliğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, bu iki kol bilimlerin temelindeki ilk iki ana ayırımdır. Tarihle bütün sosyal bilimlere, matematikle de bütün fizik bilimlerine açılırız. İki kanat mesafesindedir bunlar. Temeli asıl oluşturan bunlardır, her türlü birikimimizin harcı bunlardan karılır. Ve sonra durduğumuzda, tükendiğimizde, kafamızın bulanıp karıştığı zamanlarda yine bu ikisinden güç ve hızımızı yeniden kazanırız.
Dış görünüşümüzün temeli bunlardadır, içimizdekinden asla ayrılmayan. Yaratıcımız ve onu anlamak için kendimizi tanımak ödevimiz ve dünyadaki varlığımızı öte dünyaya başarıyla aktarım görevimiz içinse, bunlarla birlikte manevi olanlarına da çok ihtiyacımız vardır. Yan yana, beraber ve iç içe.
* Bu yazı, Haydar Hepsev’in Söz (İstanbul1991, s.23-29); Aralık 2007’de gözden geçirilerek Medeniyet Millet Devlet Birlik (Yüce Devlet Dergisi ve Yayınevi, İstanbul 2010, s. 23-27) kitaplarında yayınlanmıştır.
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