YENİDEN BUL, KİMLİĞİNİ VE MİLLETİNİ
Aralarında yakınlık bulunan insan topluluklarının karşıt ve düşmanlarına karşı birlikte hareket etmeleri ve bunu sağlayan dayanışma duygusu diye tanımlayabileceğimiz asabiyet ve etkileri hakkında, 20. yüzyılın başında Azmi zade Refik Bey, şu dikkate değer fikirleri söylüyordu:
“Toplu yaşamanın bir takım kural ve ilişkileri vardır ki bunlar insanoğlu arasında tabii olan çeşitli asabiyetlerdir. (Asabiyet; akrabalık, yakınlık; ziyade taraflılık; kendi akrabalarını veya din ve milliyetini müdafaa etmek gayreti, hamiyet anlamlarına gelir.) Bu asabiyetlerin en mühimi tek bir kavmi veya birçok kavmi birleştiren genel bağlar olup aşiret, cins, vatan ve din bağları bu kısma dâhildir. Bu türlü münasebet ve asabiyetler ile birbirine bağlılık, âdemoğlunun varlık düzeninin düsturu olan toplu yaşama zaruretinin ilk unsurlarındandır. Çünkü insan toplulukları, bencillik hükmünün ve açgözlülüğün gereği olarak galibiyet ve başarıya meyillidir. Bununla beraber, insan topluluklarının karşılıklı kuvvetleri birbirinin dengi olmalıdır ki bunlardan zayıf olan, güçlü olanın galibiyet lokması olmasın. İnsanlar, büyüyüp gelişmekte bitkilere benzerler; bir bitki gelişip büyüdükçe nasıl ki etrafındaki zayıf bitkilerin büyümelerini engellerse kuvvette dengeyi sağlayacak güçlere sahip olmayan her bir toplum, etrafı tarafından tehdit altındadır. Güçleri dengede olan iki topluluktan birisi daha geniş bir bağ elde edince, diğeri onu karşılayacak bir bağ oluşturmaya mecbur kalır. Aşiret bağı, vatan asabiyetinden daha zayıftır. Vatan asabiyetiyle ırk bağı hiçbir zaman rekabet edemez. Vatan asabiyeti cins asabiyetine mukavemet edemediği gibi cins asabiyeti de dini olanın karşısında direnemez. Irklardan biri, diğer bir ırk tarafından kendininkinden daha geniş bir asabiyetle tehdit olunduğu zaman, ona denk bir asabiyet edinmeğe mecbur kalır. Mesela Almanlar, Fransızlardan daha kuvvetlidir; fakat Fransızların Latin kavimleriyle birleştikleri farz olunursa Almanların bu birleşik güce mukavemet edebilmesi için bütün Germen unsurlarıyla ittifak etmeleri lazım gelir ki eski topluluklarına nispetle daha geniş ve güçlü olsunlar.
Şimdi cinsiyet bağından daha genel ve kapsamlı olan dini asabiyeti mukayese edelim. Mesela Hıristiyan kavimleri dini asabiyet altında birleşirse Türklerin buna oranla hiç hükmünde kalacakları açıktır; bu yüzden kuvvetlerin dengelenebilmesi için bütün ehl-i İslam’ın Türklere katılmaları ve yardımcı olmaları gerekir. Bu asabiyetler arasında en çok cinsiyet ve vatan asabiyeti tabii olup yok olmaları bağlı oldukları kavmin yok olmasıyla gerçekleşir. Bu ikisinden sonra dini bağ gelir; din bağını derece olarak cins ve vatan asabiyetinden aşağı saymamıza sebep şudur ki dini asabiyetin nadiren ortaya çıkması ve fevkalade bir zaruret olmadıkça ona başvurulmamış olmasındandır.” [Refik Bey (1867–1925), aslen Suriyeli olan bir İslam aydınıdır; kitabının Arapçası “el-Câmi’atü-l-İslamiyye ve Avruba” başlığını taşıyor; Ordu-yu Osmanî Mülazımlarından İbrahim Halil tarafından tercüme edilmiş ve 1911’de İstanbul’da basılmıştır. Yazı, tarafımdan sadeleştirilmiştir.]
Kelimeler ve Asılları
Asabiyet kelimesini en başa almamızın sebebi, insan topluluklarının aralarındaki münasebetleri izah eden anahtar kavram olmasındandır. Şimdi insanların oluşturduğu çeşitli toplulukları, bunların asabiyetlerini, kimlik bilinçlerini; aralarındaki ilişkileri ve insanlar üzerindeki etkilerini ele alalım.
Boy, aileden sonraki bir birliği ifade eden en küçük topluluktur; aile gibi bir arada yaşar, aynı soydan gelir. Birkaç boyun birlikteliğine oba denir. Obadan sonra oymak gelir, obanın büyüyüp dallanması demektir. Oymaktan sonra ulus gelir; Türk oymaklarının genel birlikteliğidir. (Budun, ulustan daha büyükse de Anadolu Türkçesinde bu kelime 16. yy.da kullanımdan kalkmıştır; Ziya Gökalp bu kelimeyi canlandırmışsa da tutmamıştır. Ulus ise millet kelimesinin yerine kullanılmak üzere canlandırılmıştır.)
Arapçadan gidersek aileler kabileyi, kabileler aşireti, aşiretler ise kavmi teşkil ederler. Bir de cins kelimesi vardır ki aynı soydan gelen kavimlerin en büyük birliğini tanımlar. Buna göre Türk bir cinsin adıdır; boy, oba, oymak ve uluslar Türk cinsini oluşturur. Başka örnekler de verelim: Slav bir cinsin adıdır; Rus, Beyaz Rus, Ukraynalılar, Çek, Hırvat, Sırplar vb. Slav cinsinin ırklarıdır. Germen cinsi bütün Germen ırklarının genel adıdır. Cins terimi, aydınlarımızın dikkatinden kaçmaktadır; bütün Türk kavimleri kendilerine Türk demezler, Azeri derler; Özbek, Kırgız, Kazak vb. derler. Biz Anadolu Türkleri kendimize Türk demekte haklıyız, çünkü bütün bu kavimlerden Anadolu’ya göçler olmuş ve bunlar birbirine karışmıştır. Orhun Kitabeleri’ndeyse Türk tabiri, “bir devlete bağlı halk, tebaa” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Bu da Türk adının aslında eski zamanlardan beri ırk adı olmayıp siyasi bir adlandırma olduğunu gösteriyor. Göktürklerle beraber bu devletin tebaası hakkında Türk ismi kullanılmıştır. Göktürklerden sonra, Anadolu’ya göçtükten sonra ve günümüzde Türk ismi daha çok cinsi ifade etmiştir. Ayrıca genellikle Balkanlarda, Müslüman olanlara (hâlâ) “Türk oldu” denir; yani bu isim Müslüman anlamına da kullanılmıştır.
Milliyetçilik akımlarından önce Türk adının ırk adı olarak kullanılmadığı hakkında bazı tarihi kanıtlar vardır. Anadolu Selçukluları ve Osmanlı’nın bir döneminde Türk kelimesi “taşralı” anlamına gelmekteydi. Kentlilere “şehri veya rumi”, köylerdekine ya da göçebelereyse “türk” deniyordu. Selçuklu ve Osmanlıda ırk ya da kavim tanımlaması değil “millet” kavramı geçerliydi. Bu kelimeyi, daha sonra açıklayacağız, şimdi diğer kimlikleri ele alalım ve buna yeniden dönelim.
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(Yazının devamı Haydar Murad HEPSEV’in Medeniyet Millet Devlet Birlik (Yüce Devlet Dergisi ve Yayınevi, İstanbul, Kasım 2010) kitabındadır.)
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